594 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
594 lines
24 KiB
Plaintext
Executable File
page.title=Hello, L10N
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@jd:body
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<div id="qv-wrapper">
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<div id="qv">
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<h2>In this document</h2>
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<ol>
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<li><a href="#unlocalized">Create an Unlocalized App</a>
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<ol>
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<li><a href="#create">Create the Project and Layout</a></li>
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<li><a href="#default">Create Default Resources</a></li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#run">Run the Unlocalized App</a></li>
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<li><a href="#plan">Plan the Localization</a></li>
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<li><a href="#localize">Localize the App</a>
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<ol>
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<li><a href="#localize_strings">Localize the Strings</a></li>
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<li><a href="#localize_images">Localize the Images</a></li>
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</ol>
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</li>
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<li><a href="#test_localized">Run and Test the Localized App</a></li>
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</ol>
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<h2>See also</h2>
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<ol>
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<li>{@link android.widget.Button}</li>
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<li>{@link android.widget.TextView}</li>
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<li>{@link android.app.AlertDialog}</li>
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</ol>
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</div>
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</div>
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<p>In this tutorial, we will create a Hello, L10N application that uses the
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Android framework to selectively load resources. Then we will localize the
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application by adding resources to the <code>res/</code> directory. </p>
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<p>This tutorial uses the practices described in the <a
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href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/localization.html">Localization</a>
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document. </p>
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<h2 id="unlocalized">Create an Unlocalized Application</h2>
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<p>The first version of the Hello, L10N application will use only the default
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resource directories (<code>res/drawable</code>, <code>res/layout</code>, and
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<code>res/values</code>). These resources are not localized — they are the
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graphics, layout, and strings that we expect the application to use most often.
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When a user runs the application in the default locale, or in a locale that the
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application does not specifically support, the application will load resources
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from these default directories.</p>
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<p>The application consists of a simple user interface that displays two
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{@link android.widget.TextView} objects and a {@link android.widget.Button} image with a
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background image of a national flag. When clicked, the button displays an
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{@link android.app.AlertDialog} object that shows additional text. </p>
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<h3 id="create">Create the Project and Layout</h3>
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<p>For this application, the default language will be British English and the
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default location the United Kingdom. </p>
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<ol>
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<li>Start a new project and Activity called "HelloL10N." If you are
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using Eclipse, fill out these values in the New Android Project wizard:
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<ul>
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<li><em>Project name:</em> HelloL10N</li>
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<li><em>Application name:</em> Hello, L10N</li>
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<li><em>Package name:</em> com.example.hellol10n (or your own private
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namespace)</li>
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<li><em>Create Activity:</em> HelloL10N</li>
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<li><em>Min SDK Version:</em> 3</li>
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</ul>
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<p>The basic project contains a <code>res/</code> directory with
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subdirectories for the three most common types of resources: graphics
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(<code>res/drawable/</code>), layouts (<code>res/layout/</code>) and strings
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(<code>res/values/</code>). Most of the localization work you do later in this
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tutorial will involve adding more subdirectories to the <code>res/</code>
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directory.</p>
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<img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/plain_project.png" alt="plain project" width="194"
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height="229">
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</li>
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<li>Open the <code>res/layout/main.xml</code> file and replace it with the
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following code:
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<pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
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android:orientation="vertical"
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android:layout_width="fill_parent"
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android:layout_height="fill_parent"
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>
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<TextView
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android:layout_width="fill_parent"
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
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android:gravity="center_horizontal"
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android:text="@string/text_a"
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/>
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<TextView
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android:layout_width="fill_parent"
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
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android:gravity="center_horizontal"
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android:text="@string/text_b"
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/>
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<Button
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android:id="@+id/flag_button"
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android:layout_width="wrap_content"
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android:layout_height="wrap_content"
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android:layout_gravity="center"
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/>
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</LinearLayout>
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</pre>
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<p>The LinearLayout has two {@link android.widget.TextView} objects that will
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display localized text and one {@link android.widget.Button} that shows a flag.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<h3 id="default">Create Default Resources</h3>
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<p>The layout refers to resources that need to be defined. </p>
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<ol>
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<li>Create default text strings. To do this, open the <code>res/values/strings.xml</code> file and replace it with the following code:<br>
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<pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<resources>
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<string name="app_name">Hello, L10N</string>
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<string name="text_a">Shall I compare thee to a summer"'"s day?</string>
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<string name="text_b">Thou art more lovely and more temperate.</string>
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<string name="dialog_title">No Localisation</string>
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<string name="dialog_text">This dialog box"'"s strings are not localised. For every locale, the text here will come from values/strings.xml.</string>
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</resources></pre>
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<p>This code provides British English text for each string that the application
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will use. When we localize this application, we will provide alternate text in
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German, French, and Japanese for some of the strings.</p>
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</li>
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<li>Add a default flag graphic to the <code>res/drawable</code> folder by
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saving <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/flag.png">flag.png</a> as
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<code>res/drawable/flag.png</code>. When the application is not localized, it
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will show a British flag.<br>
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</li>
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<li>Open HelloL10N.java (in the <code>src/</code> directory) and add the
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following code inside the <code>onCreate()</code> method (after
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<code>setContentView</code>).
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<pre>// assign flag.png to the button, loading correct flag image for current locale
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Button b;
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(b = (Button)findViewById(R.id.flag_button)).setBackgroundDrawable(this.getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.flag));
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// build dialog box to display when user clicks the flag
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AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
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builder.setMessage(R.string.dialog_text)
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.setCancelable(false)
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.setTitle(R.string.dialog_title)
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.setPositiveButton("Done", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
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public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int id) {
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dialog.dismiss();
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}
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});
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final AlertDialog alert = builder.create();
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// set click listener on the flag to show the dialog box
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b.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
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public void onClick(View v) {
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alert.show();
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}
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});</pre>
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<p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> In Eclipse, use
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<strong>Ctrl-Shift-O</strong> (<strong>Cmd-Shift-O</strong>, on Mac) to find and
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add missing import packages to your project, then save the HelloL10N.java
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file.</p>
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<p>The code that you added does the following:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>It assigns the correct flag icon to the button.
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For now, no resources are defined other than the default, so this code
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will always assign the contents of <code>res/drawable/flag.png</code> (the
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British flag) as the flag icon, no matter what the locale. Once we add more
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flags for different locales, this code will sometimes assign a different flag.
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</li>
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<li>It creates an {@link android.app.AlertDialog} object and sets a click listener so that when the
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user clicks the button, the AlertDialog will display.
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We will not localize the dialog text;
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the AlertDialog will always display the <code>dialog_text</code> that is located
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within <code>res/values/strings.xml</code>. </li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ol>
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<p>The project structure now looks like this:</p>
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<img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/nonlocalized_project.png" alt="nonlocalized" width="394"
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height="320">
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<p class="note"><strong>Tip:</strong> If you will want to run the application on
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a device and not just on an emulator, open <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> and
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add <code>android:debuggable="true"</code> inside the
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<code><application></code> element. For information about setting up the
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device itself so it can run applications from your system, see <a
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href="{@docRoot}guide/developing/device.html">Developing on a Device</a>.</p>
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<h2 id="run">Run the Unlocalized Application</h2>
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<p>Save the project and run the application to see how it works. No matter what
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locale your device or emulator is set to, the application runs the same way. It
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should look something like this:</p>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="30">
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">The unlocalized application, running in any locale:</th>
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<th scope="col">After clicking the flag, in any locale:</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td valign="top"><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/nonlocalized_screenshot1.png"
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alt="nonlocalized" width="321" height="366"></td>
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<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/nonlocalized_screenshot2.png" alt="nonlocalized2"
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width="321" height="366"></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<h2 id="plan">Plan the Localization</h2>
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<p>The first step in localizing an application is to plan how the application
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will render differently in different locales. In this application, the default
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locale will be the United Kingdom. We will add some locale-specific information
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for Germany, France, Canada, Japan, and the United States. Table 1 shows the
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plan for how the application will appear in different locales.</p>
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<p class="caption">Table 1</p>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10">
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<tr>
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<th scope="col" valign="bottom">Region /<br />
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Language</th>
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<th scope="col">United Kingdom</th>
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<th scope="col">Germany</th>
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<th scope="col">France</th>
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<th scope="col">Canada</th>
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<th scope="col">Japan</th>
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<th scope="col">United States</th>
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<th scope="col">Other Location</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="row"><br>
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English</th>
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<td> British English text; British flag <em>(default)</em></td>
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<td><em>-</em></td>
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<td><em>-</em></td>
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<td> British English text; Canadian flag</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td> British English text; U.S. flag</td>
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<td> British English text; British flag <em>(default)</em></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="row">German</th>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>German text for <code>app_name</code>, <code>text_a</code> and
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<code>text_b</code>; German flag</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>German text for <code>app_name</code>, <code>text_a</code> and
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<code>text_b</code>; British flag</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="row">French</th>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>French text for <code>app_name</code>, <code>text_a</code> and
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<code>text_b</code>; French flag</td>
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<td>French text for <code>app_name</code>, <code>text_a</code> and
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<code>text_b</code>; Canadian flag</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>French text for <code>app_name</code>, <code>text_a</code> and
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<code>text_b</code>; British flag</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="row">Japanese</th>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>Japanese text for <code>text_a</code> and <code>text_b</code>; Japanese
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flag</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>Japanese text for <code>text_a</code> and <code>text_b</code>; British
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flag</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th scope="row">Other Language</th>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td>-</td>
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<td> British English text; British flag <em>(default)</em></td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p class="note"> Note that other behaviors are possible; for example, the
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application could support Canadian English or U.S. English text. But given the
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small amount of text involved, adding more versions of English would not make
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this application more useful.</p>
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<p>As shown in the table above, the plan calls for five flag icons in addition
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to the British flag that is already in the <code>res/drawable/</code> folder. It
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also calls for three sets of text strings other than the text that is in
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<code>res/values/strings.xml</code>.</p>
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<p>Table 2 shows where the needed text strings and flag icons will go, and
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specifies which ones will be loaded for which locales. (For more about the
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locale codes, <em></em>see <a
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href="{@docRoot}guide/topics/resources/resources-i18n.html#AlternateResources">
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Alternate Resources</a>.)</p>
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<p class="caption" id="table2">Table 2</p>
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<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">Locale Code</th>
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<th scope="col">Language / Country</th>
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<th scope="col">Location of strings.xml</th>
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<th scope="col">Location of flag.png</th>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><em>Default</em></td>
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<td>English / United Kingdom</td>
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<td>res/values/</td>
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<td>res/drawable/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>de-rDE</td>
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<td>German / Germany</td>
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<td>res/values-de/</td>
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<td>res/drawable-de-rDE/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>fr-rFR</td>
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<td>French / France</td>
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<td>res/values-fr/</td>
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<td>res/drawable-fr-rFR/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>fr-rCA</td>
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<td>French / Canada</td>
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<td>res/values-fr/</td>
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<td>res/drawable-fr-rCA/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>en-rCA</td>
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<td>English / Canada</td>
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<td><em>(res/values/)</em></td>
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<td>res/drawable-en-rCA/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>ja-rJP</td>
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<td>Japanese / Japan</td>
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<td>res/values-ja/</td>
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<td>res/drawable-ja-rJP/</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>en-rUS</td>
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<td>English / United States</td>
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<td><em>(res/values/)</em></td>
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<td>res/drawable-en-rUS/</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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<p class="note"><strong>Tip: </strong>A folder qualifer cannot specify a region
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without a language. Having a folder named <code>res/drawable-rCA/</code>,
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for example, will prevent the application from compiling. </p>
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<p>At run time, the application will select a set of resources to load based on the locale
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that is set in the user's device. In cases where no locale-specific resources
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are available, the application will fall back on the defaults. </p>
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<p>For example, assume that the device's language is set to German and its
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location to Switzerland. Because this application does not have a
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<code>res/drawable-de-rCH/</code> directory with a <code>flag.png</code> file in it, the system
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will fall back on the default, which is the UK flag located in
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<code>res/drawable/flag.png</code>. The language used will be German. Showing a
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British flag to German speakers in Switzerland is not ideal, but for now we will
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just leave the behavior as it is. There are several ways you could improve this
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application's behavior if you wanted to:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Use a generic default icon. In this application, it might be something
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that represents Shakespeare. </li>
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<li>Create a <code>res/drawable-de/</code> folder that includes an icon that
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the application will use whenever the language is set to German but the location
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is not Germany. </li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="localize">Localize the Application</h2>
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<h3 id="localize_strings">Localize the Strings</h3>
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<p>The application requires three more <code>strings.xml</code> files, one
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each for German, French, and Japanese. To create these resource files within
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Eclipse:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>Select <strong>File</strong> > <strong>New</strong> > <strong>Android
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XML File</strong> to open the New Android XML File wizard. You can also open
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the wizard by clicking its icon in the toolbar:<br />
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<img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/xml_file_wizard_shortcut.png"
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alt="file_wizard_shortcut" width="297"
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height="90" style="margin:15px"></li>
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<li>Select L10N for the Project field, and type <code>strings.xml</code> into
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the File field. In the left-hand list, select Language, then click the right arrow.<br>
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<img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/xml_wizard1.png" alt="res_file_copy" width="335"
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height="406" style="margin:15px"></li>
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<li>Type <code>de</code> in the Language box and click Finish.<br>
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<img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/xml_wizard2.png" alt="res_file_copy" width="306"
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height="179">
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<p>A new file, <code>res/values-de/strings.xml</code>, now appears among the project
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files.</p></li>
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<li>Repeat the steps twice more, for the language codes <code>fr</code> and
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<code>ja</code>.
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Now the project includes these new skeleton files: <br />
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<code>res/<strong>values-de</strong>/strings.xml</code><br />
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<code>res/<strong>values-fr</strong>/strings.xml</code><br />
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<code>res/<strong>values-ja</strong>/strings.xml</code><br />
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</li>
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<li>Add localized text to the new files. To do
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this, open the <code>res/values-<em><qualifier></em>/strings.xml</code> files and
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replace the code as follows:</li>
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</ol>
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<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
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<tr>
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<th scope="col">File</th>
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<th scope="col">Replace the contents with the following code:</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>res/values-de/strings.xml</code></td>
|
|
<td><pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<resources>
|
|
<string name="app_name">Hallo, Lokalisierung</string>
|
|
<string name="text_a">Soll ich dich einem Sommertag vergleichen,</string>
|
|
<string name="text_b">Der du viel lieblicher und sanfter bist?</string>
|
|
</resources></pre></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>res/values-fr/strings.xml</code></td>
|
|
<td><pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<resources>
|
|
<string name="app_name">Bonjour, Localisation</string>
|
|
<string name="text_a">Irai-je te comparer au jour d'été?</string>
|
|
<string name="text_b">Tu es plus tendre et bien plus tempéré.</string>
|
|
</resources> </pre></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td><code>res/values-ja/strings.xml</code></td>
|
|
<td>
|
|
<pre><?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
|
|
<resources>
|
|
<string name="text_a">あなたをなにかにたとえるとしたら夏の一日でしょうか？</string>
|
|
<string name="text_b">だがあなたはもっと美しく、もっとおだやかです。</string>
|
|
</resources></pre></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
|
|
<p class="note"><b>Tip:</b> In the
|
|
<code>values-<em><qualifier></em>/strings.xml</code> files, you only need to
|
|
include text for strings that are different from the default strings. For
|
|
example, when the application runs on a device that is configured for Japanese,
|
|
the plan is for <code>text_a</code> and <code>text_b</code> to be in Japanese
|
|
while all the other text is in English, so
|
|
<code>res/values-ja/strings.xml</code> only needs to include <code>text_a</code>
|
|
and <code>text_b</code>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<h3 id="localize_images">Localize the Images</h3>
|
|
|
|
<p>As shown in <a href="#table2">Table 2</a>, the application needs six more
|
|
drawable folders, each containing a <code>flag.png</code> icon. Add the needed
|
|
icons and folders to your project:</p>
|
|
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Save this <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-de-rDE/flag.png">German flag icon</a>
|
|
as <code>res/drawable-de-rDE/flag.png</code> in the application's project
|
|
workspace.
|
|
<p>For example:</p>
|
|
<ol>
|
|
<li>Click the link to open the flag image.</li>
|
|
<li>Save the image in
|
|
<code><em>your-workspace</em>/HelloL10N/res/drawable-de-rDE/</code> .</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>Save this <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-fr-rFR/flag.png">French flag icon</a>
|
|
as <code>res/drawable-fr-rFR/flag.png</code> in the application's project
|
|
workspace. </li>
|
|
<li>Save this <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-fr-rCA/flag.png">Canadian flag icon</a>
|
|
as <code>res/drawable-fr-rCA/flag.png</code> in the project workspace. </li>
|
|
<li>Save the <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-en-rCA/flag.png">Canadian flag icon</a>
|
|
again, this time as <code>res/drawable-en-rCA/flag.png</code> in the project
|
|
workspace. (Why not have just <em>one</em> folder that contains the Canadian
|
|
flag? Because a folder qualifer cannot specify a region without a language.
|
|
You cannot have a folder named <code>drawable-rCA/</code>; instead you must
|
|
create two separate folders, one for each of the Canadian languages represented
|
|
in the application.)</li>
|
|
<li>Save this <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-ja-rJP/flag.png">Japanese flag icon</a>
|
|
as <code>res/drawable-ja-rJP/flag.png</code> in the project workspace. </li>
|
|
<li>Save this <a href="../../../images/hello_l10n/drawable-en-rUS/flag.png">United States flag
|
|
icon</a> as <code>res/drawable-en-rUS/flag.png</code> in the project workspace.
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ol>
|
|
|
|
<p>If you are using Eclipse, refresh the project (F5). The new
|
|
<code>res/drawable-<em><qualifier></em>/</code> folders should appear in the
|
|
project view. </p>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h2 id="test_localized">Run and Test the Localized Application</h2>
|
|
|
|
<p>Once you've added the localized string and image resources, you are ready to
|
|
run the application and test its handling of them. To change the locale
|
|
on a device or in the emulator, use the Settings
|
|
application (Home > Menu > Settings > Locale & text > Select
|
|
locale). Depending on how a device was configured, it might not offer any
|
|
alternate locales via the Settings application, or might offer only a few. The
|
|
emulator, on the other hand, will offer a selection of all the locales that are
|
|
available in the Android system image. </p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To set the emulator to a locale that is not available in the system image,
|
|
use the Custom Locale application, which is available in the Application
|
|
tab:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/custom_locale_app.png" alt="custom locale app" width="163"
|
|
height="158" style="margin-left:15px"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>To switch to a new locale, long-press a locale name:</p>
|
|
|
|
<p><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/using_custom_locale.png" alt="using custom locale"
|
|
width="512" height="299" style="margin-left:15px"></p>
|
|
|
|
<p>For a list of locales available on different versions of the Android platform,
|
|
refer to the platform notes documents, listed under "Downloadable SDK Components"
|
|
in the "SDK" tab. For example, <a
|
|
href="{@docRoot}sdk/android-2.0.html#locs">Android 2.0 locales</a>.</p>
|
|
|
|
<p>Run the application for each of the expected locales, plus one unexpected
|
|
locale. Here are some of the results you should see:</p>
|
|
|
|
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="05">
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<th scope="col">Locale</th>
|
|
<th scope="col">Opening screen of application</th>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>German / Germany
|
|
<br />Specifically supported by the Hello, L10N application.</td>
|
|
<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/german_screenshot.png" alt="custom locale app"
|
|
width="321" height="175" align="right"
|
|
style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:20px"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>French / Canada
|
|
<br />Specifically supported by the Hello, L10N application.</td>
|
|
<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/frenchCA_screenshot.png" alt="custom locale app"
|
|
width="321" height="175" align="right"
|
|
style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:20px"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>German / Switzerland
|
|
<br />Only the language is specifically supported by
|
|
the Hello, L10N application.</td>
|
|
<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/germanCH_screenshot.png" alt="custom locale app"
|
|
width="321" height="175" align="right"
|
|
style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:20px">`</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Japanese
|
|
<br />Specifically supported by the Hello, L10N application.
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/japanese_screenshot.png" alt="custom locale app"
|
|
width="321" height="220" align="right"
|
|
style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:20px">`</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr>
|
|
<td>Romansh / Switzerland (custom locale <code>rm_CH</code>)
|
|
<br />Not specifically supported by the Hello, L10N
|
|
application, so the application uses the default resources.</td>
|
|
<td><img src="{@docRoot}images/hello_l10n/romanshCH_screenshot.png" alt="custom locale app"
|
|
width="321" height="175" align="right"
|
|
style="margin-left:10px;margin-right:20px"></td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|