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The Android development environment includes an integrated testing framework that helps you test all aspects of your application.

To start learning how to use the framework to create tests for your applications, please read the topic Testing Fundamentals.

Activity Testing focuses on testing activities. It describes how instrumentation allows you to control activities outside the normal application lifecycle. It also lists activity-specific features you should test, and it provides tips for testing Android user interfaces.
Content Provider Testing focuses on testing content providers. It describes the mock system objects you can use, provides tips for designing providers so that they can be tested, and lists provider-specific features you should test.
Service Testing focuses on testing services. It also lists service-specific features you should test.
What to Test is an overview of the types of testing you should do. It focuses on testing system-wide aspects of Android that can affect every component in your application.

The topic Testing in Eclipse, with ADT describes how to create and run tests in Eclipse with ADT.
The topic Testing in other IDEs describes how to create and run tests with command-line tools.

The Hello, Testing tutorial introduces basic testing concepts and procedures.
For a more advanced tutorial, try Activity Testing, which guides you through a more complex testing scenario.

The UI/Application Exerciser Monkey, usually called Monkey, is a command-line tool that sends pseudo-random streams of keystrokes, touches, and gestures to a device.
The monkeyrunner tool is an API and execution environment. You use monkeyrunner with Python programs to test applications and devices.