# CryptOracle v1

`CryptOracle v1` is an introductory cryptography and reverse engineering challenge that simulates a Hardware Security Module (HSM). The objective is to retrieve a secret flag stored in a "secure" memory region that is supposedly isolated from the user.

## Information Gathering

We are provided with a `cryptOracle_v1.tar.xz` archive containing the `crypt_oracle_v1` binary. Initial analysis confirms it is a statically linked 64-bit ELF executable.

```bash
$ file crypt_oracle_v1
crypt_oracle_v1: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, ...
```

Upon connecting to the challenge server, we are greeted with the following interface:

```
CryptOracle v1.0
Setting up memory...
  0x10000 - 0x11000 : Secure Memory (Keys/ROM)
  0x20000 - 0x28000 : User Memory
Type 'help' for commands.
```

The challenge description hints that sensitive keys are stored at address `0x10000`.

## Reverse Engineering

We use Ghidra to analyze the binary and understand how it manages memory access.

### 1. Main Interaction Loop (`main`)

The `main` function initializes the HSM simulation and processes user commands.

```c
undefined8 main(void)

{
  int iVar1;
  char *pcVar2;
  long in_FS_OFFSET;
  undefined4 local_428;
  undefined4 local_424;
  undefined4 local_420;
  undefined4 local_41c;
  char local_418 [512];
  undefined1 local_218 [520];
  long local_10;
  
  local_10 = *(long *)(in_FS_OFFSET + 0x28);
  setvbuf((FILE *)stdout,(char *)0x0,2,0);
  puts("CryptOracle v1.0");
  setup_memory();
  puts("Type \'help\' for commands.");
  while( true ) {
    pcVar2 = fgets(local_418,0x200,(FILE *)stdin);
    if (pcVar2 == (char *)0x0) break;
    iVar1 = strncmp(local_418,"rm",2);
    if (iVar1 == 0) {
      iVar1 = __isoc99_sscanf(local_418,"rm 0x%x %d",&local_420,&local_41c);
      if (iVar1 == 2) {
        do_read(local_420,local_41c);
      }
    }
    // ... (other commands) ...
  }
  // ...
  return 0;
}
```

The `rm` command takes a hexadecimal address and a decimal size, then calls the `do_read` function.

### 2. Memory Initialization (`setup_memory`)

The `setup_memory` function reveals where the flag is placed.

```c
void setup_memory(void)

{
  void *pvVar1;
  FILE *__stream;
  size_t sVar2;
  
  puts("Setting up memory...");
  pvVar1 = mmap64((void *)0x10000,0x1000,3,0x32,-1,0);
  // ...
  pvVar1 = mmap64((void *)0x20000,0x8000,3,0x32,-1,0);
  // ...
  memset((void *)0x10000,0,0x1000);
  memset((void *)0x20000,0,0x8000);
  __stream = fopen64("flag.bin","rb");
  if (__stream != (FILE *)0x0) {
    sVar2 = fread((void *)0x10000,1,0x800,__stream);
    fclose(__stream);
    // ...
    return;
  }
  // ...
}
```

We confirm that the flag from `flag.bin` is loaded directly into the "Secure Memory" region at `0x10000`.

### 3. Vulnerability Analysis (`get_ptr`)

The `do_read` function calls a helper called `get_ptr` to validate memory access before printing data.

```c
void do_read(undefined4 param_1,undefined4 param_2)

{
  long lVar1;
  
  lVar1 = get_ptr(param_1,param_2,0);
  if (lVar1 == 0) {
    puts("ERR_ACCESS_VIOLATION");
  }
  else {
    print_hex(lVar1,param_2);
  }
  return;
}
```

Now let\'s examine the logic in `get_ptr`:

```c
uint get_ptr(uint param_1,int param_2,int param_3)

{
  // 1. Integer overflow check: ensure address + size doesn't wrap around
  if (param_2 + param_1 < param_1) {
    param_1 = 0;
  }
  // 2. Range Validation: check if access is within mapped regions
  else if ((param_1 < 0x10000) || (0x11000 < param_2 + param_1)) {
    // If not in Secure Memory (0x10000-0x11000), check User Memory (0x20000-0x28000)
    if ((param_1 < 0x20000) || (0x28000 < param_2 + param_1)) {
      param_1 = 0;
    }
  }
  // 3. Security Check: block access to flag region (0x10000 - 0x10800)
  // This is ONLY enforced if param_3 (check_secure) is non-zero
  else if ((param_3 != 0) && (param_1 - 0x10000 < 0x800)) {
    param_1 = 0;
  }
  return param_1;
}
```

The validation logic in `get_ptr` works as follows:
1.  **Integer Overflow**: It checks if `size + addr` overflows.
2.  **Range Validation**: It ensures the access is within the Secure Memory (`0x10000-0x11000`) or User Memory (`0x20000-0x28000`).
3.  **Secure Memory Restriction**: It explicitly blocks access to the first `0x800` bytes of Secure Memory (where the flag is stored) **ONLY IF** `param_3` (the `check_secure` flag) is non-zero.

Crucially, in the `do_read` function (which implements the `rm` command), the third argument passed to `get_ptr` is **hardcoded to `0`**. This means the specific check that protects the secret keys is bypassed when using the "read memory" command.

## Solution

Because the `rm` command bypasses the isolation check in `get_ptr`, we can directly dump the secure RAM.

1. Connect to the server.
2. Read the memory at address `0x10000`.

```bash
> rm 0x10000 32
00010000: 7b 66 6c 61 67 3a 20 74 68 61 74 5f 77 61 73 5f  {flag: that_was_
00010010: 74 6f 6f 5f 65 61 73 79 5f 72 69 67 68 74 3f 7d  too_easy_right?}
```

The flag is revealed: `{flag: that_was_too_easy_right?}`

```